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449-400 BCE, Literary source, non-citizens

[Xenophon], Ath. 10-12. The difficulty of distinguishing citizens from non-citizens in Athens (years 20s of the 5th century BCE)

This text comes from a pamphlet that was erroneously attributed to Xenophon in the manuscript tradition. Its anonymous author strongly disapproves of Athenian democracy. However, he explains to a fictitious...

449-400 BCE, Athenian citizenship, decree, Epigraphic source, non-citizens

CGRN 43 (IG I3 82; AIO 1304). Decree concerning the festival of Hephaistos (421/0 BCE)

This fragmentary stele contains a decree approved by the Athenian Council and the People making provisions for the celebration of religious festivals, most likely the Hephaistia, honouring of the god...

400-450 BCE, Athenian citizenship, cultic provisions, deme decree, Epigraphic source, non-citizens

IG I³ 244 (Osborne – Rhodes, GHI 107). Cult provisions of the deme Skambonidai (475-450 BCE)

Thick stele or post inscribed on three sides (A-C). Face C (see below) was so designated before being recognised as the front side, with which the whole document opens. Variously...